Every extra clamp removes a freedom twice. How an over-constrained fixture stores stress, why parts spring at release, and how to design for letting go.
Copper behind a weld either supports the root or pulls heat out, and the two jobs are not the same. Contact, contamination and where chilling works against you.
Weld shrinkage follows a path you can estimate. What transverse, longitudinal and angular contraction do to a welded part, and why a planned allowance beats the straightening press.
Lack of fusion leaves no reliable surface signature, which is why it survives visual inspection. The piece covers where it hides, why fit-up and oxide cause it, and which methods actually detect it.
Porosity is gas trapped in a pool that froze too fast to let it out. The article traces the routes gas takes into a weld and explains why pore size, location and distribution each point at a different cause.
