A drawing that says no porosity cannot be met or measured. Zoning by function, naming the acceptance method and stating sampling is what makes it enforceable.
Stock has to cover cast tolerance, skin depth and distortion, and no single figure does that across a whole part. How to specify it surface by surface.
A riser is a feeder with a job to do. Position follows the thermal map of the casting, and removing it to save metal is a false economy with a delayed bill.
Metal contracts as it cools, so the pattern is made larger on purpose. How the allowance is applied directionally, recorded, and proved on the first casting.
Section thickness decides the solidification pattern of a casting, and with it where shrinkage ends up. How to read a part for feeding before the pattern is cut.
Fabrication is the default for a reason, but joints carry cost and distortion. When one piece of stock beats several pieces, where the crossover sits, and why the hybrid design usually wins.
Titanium keeps cutting heat at the edge instead of sending it into the chip. Why dwelling cuts harden the surface, what the colour on a machined face reports, and how a burnt edge fails years later.
